Fire in a tunnel under construction is one of the most dangerous emergencies in the construction industry. Escape routes are limited, smoke fills the confined space rapidly, visibility drops to zero, and the tunnel environment intensifies heat and toxic fume exposure. Tunnel fires have caused multiple fatalities worldwide. Prevention through strict hot works controls, fire-resistant materials, and maintained fire suppression systems is essential. Every tunnel worker must know the fire evacuation procedure before entering the tunnel.
Key Hazards
Rapid smoke filling in the confined tunnel space reducing visibility to zero
Intense heat build-up in the enclosed tunnel environment making escape difficult
Toxic fume inhalation from burning materials, diesel fuel, and hydraulic fluids
Limited escape routes delaying evacuation and trapping workers underground
Control Measures
Enforce strict hot works permit procedures for any flame, spark, or heat-producing activity in the tunnel.
Maintain fire detection and suppression systems throughout the tunnel length at all times.
Store flammable materials in the tunnel only in minimum quantities needed for the current shift.
Ensure fire extinguishers are positioned at regular intervals and at every plant location in the tunnel.
Provide refuge chambers equipped with air supply at intervals specified in the tunnel fire plan.
Brief every worker on the tunnel fire evacuation route and assembly point before each shift.
Conduct fire evacuation drills at the frequency specified in the tunnel emergency plan.
Use fire-resistant hydraulic fluids in all tunnel plant and equipment where available.
Ensure emergency lighting and directional signage are maintained along the full evacuation route.
Emergency / Rescue
If fire or smoke is detected in the tunnel, activate the fire alarm, proceed immediately to the nearest refuge chamber or evacuation exit. Do not attempt to fight the fire unless trained and it is small enough to extinguish safely. Call for the emergency response team.
Remember
Tunnel fires produce deadly smoke and toxic fumes that fill the confined space within minutes.
Know the evacuation route and refuge chamber locations before you enter the tunnel every shift.
Hot works are the most common cause of tunnel fires and require strict permit control at all times.
Refuge chambers provide a temporary safe haven with breathable air while rescue is organised.
Fire detection and suppression systems must be maintained and tested throughout the tunnel programme.
Fire evacuation drills must be practised regularly because a rehearsed response saves lives underground.