CDM/Specific/TBT-CDM-011

Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 Awareness

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The Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 set the legal framework for all work in confined spaces in the UK.
A confined space is any enclosed area where a foreseeable risk of serious injury from hazardous conditions exists.
Examples include manholes, tanks, silos, excavations, tunnels, chambers, and unventilated rooms.
The regulations establish a three-step hierarchy: avoid entry, follow a safe system, and have rescue arrangements.
Regulation 4 requires that no one enters a confined space unless it is not reasonably practicable to avoid entry.
Where entry is unavoidable, a safe system of work must be in place before anyone enters.
Suitable rescue arrangements must be in place before and during confined space entry.
The Approved Code of Practice (ACoP) provides detailed guidance on implementing the regulations.
Hazards in confined spaces include toxic gas, oxygen depletion, flooding, entrapment, and fire.
Employers must assess which spaces on their project are confined spaces and manage entry accordingly.

Prevent multiple deaths	Confined space incidents frequently kill multiple workers including would-be rescuers. The regulations exist to prevent this.
Legal duty	The Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 are criminal law. Non-compliance results in prosecution, fines, and imprisonment.
Hierarchy of control	The regulations require avoidance first, then safe systems, then rescue — this hierarchy saves lives when followed.

Don't

Identify all confined spaces on the project and record them in a register.
Avoid entry to confined spaces wherever it is reasonably practicable to do so.
Implement a safe system of work with a permit before any unavoidable entry.
Ensure rescue arrangements are in place and tested before entry begins.
Appoint competent persons to plan, supervise, and carry out confined space work.
Monitor the atmosphere before and continuously during every confined space entry.
Brief all workers on the confined space register and entry control procedures.
Provide training appropriate to the role: entrant, top man, or rescue team.
Review and update the confined space risk assessment when conditions change.
Record all entries, permits, atmospheric readings, and rescue drill results.

DON'T enter any confined space without first considering whether entry can be avoided.
DON'T enter without a permit and safe system of work in place.
DON'T enter without rescue arrangements ready and tested before you go in.
DON'T assume a space is not confined because it has an open top or door.
DON'T rely on previous atmospheric test results; conditions change rapidly.
DON'T send rescue personnel into a space without breathing apparatus and training.
DON'T treat the permit as paperwork only; it must reflect actual site conditions.
DON'T allow untrained workers to enter or supervise confined space work.
DON'T forget that excavations and trenches can be classified as confined spaces.
DON'T assume good ventilation eliminates the need for atmospheric monitoring.

See also: Confined Space Awareness | Confined Space Entry Procedures

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